KHK-IN-1 is a reversible and ATP-competitive inhibitor of ketohexokinase (KHK) with IC50 of 12 nM. In the ATP-binding region of KHK, KHK-IN-1 interacts with Asp-27B.

Oxindole is an aromatic heterocyclic building block.?2-indolinone derivatives have become lead compounds in the research of kinase inhibitors.Oxindole structure has been used in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) inhibitors such as SU4984 and intedanib, the RTK family represents an important therapeutic target for anti-cancer drug development.

PhIP is a heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) from cooked meat. It belongs to pyridine heterocyclic amine and is a 2B carcinogen with estrogen activity. PhIP forms adducts with DNA that promote cancer.